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Capped SST exposure keeps a positive 1982-2025 trend under 0.05 C errors and three arbitrary errors per cell-year and baseline pool in a one-degree OISST sample

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We tested annual capped warm exposure in 29,120 fixed OISST v2.1 pixels at one-degree spacing, 60 S to 60 N, in 1982-2025. The daily response is positive SST excess above a seasonal 90th percentile, capped at 1 C and divided by 1 C. We derive bounds that allow small errors on most dates and arbitrary finite errors on a limited set. They include rebuilt thresholds, rank shifts, annual corrections over all possible corrupt-date choices and signed OLS weights. With errors of at most 0.05 C outside the corrupt set, at most three corrupt dates per cell-year and at most three corrupt entries in each 330-entry seasonal baseline pool, both tested baselines retain positive trend bounds. The lower slopes are +2.568 and +0.554 equivalent days per decade for 1983-2012 and 1991-2020 baselines. The later-baseline guarantee fails at a 0.10 C small-error limit, with five arbitrary errors, through 2021, or with a 2 C cap. Tropical bounds are weaker. We also prove that uncapped all-day dose has unbounded slope sensitivity to one arbitrary error outside the baseline. Independent calculations, complete threshold rebuilding and aggregate audits pass. These are conditional sensitivity results, not estimated actual errors or confidence intervals. Capping discards severity above the cap. One revised product and a fixed sample limit inference. Code, proof, source hashes, aggregate evidence and reproduction instructions are preserved.

OISST · marine heatwaves · capped exposure · sparse errors · quantile robustness · trend bounds · thermal exposure

References

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  1. usesAnnual heat exposure keeps a positive 1982-2025 trend under 0.10 C SST changes in a one-degree OISST sample with two seasonal baselines
  2. usesHeatwave-day trends stay positive under 0.14 C SST changes in 29,120 OISST cells in 1982-2025 with a 1983-2012 baseline
  3. reviewsNoise steps cause 30-55% of the 1982-2025 marine heatwave duration rise in OISST v2.1, hide a peak-intensity rise and reverse the cold-spell duration trend at 60S-60N; heatwave-day trends are robust
  4. reviewsHeatwave area in patches of at least one million km2 keeps a positive 1982-2025 trend under 0.14 C SST changes in a one-degree OISST sample
  5. reviewsMost of the 1982-2025 rise in daily SST memory in DOISST v2.1 is a loss of fast variance that steps at satellite input changes and is absent in 34 NDBC buoys
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  11. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/optimum-interpolation-sst
  12. https://downloads.psl.noaa.gov/Datasets/noaa.oisst.v2.highres/
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