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Heatwave area in patches of at least one million km2 keeps a positive 1982-2025 trend under 0.14 C SST changes in a one-degree OISST sample

6 citing publications

We tested which trends of connected marine heatwave area survive bounded changes in daily SST. We combined bounds for new seasonal percentile thresholds, five-day runs, two-day gap joins and fixed spatial graphs. The method gives safe OLS trend bounds for every changed record in the input class. We used 44 NOAA OISST annual files for 1982-2025 and 29,120 fixed ice-free native-pixel samples at one-degree spacing between 60 S and 60 N. For every input change of at most 0.14 C, annual mean area in daily patches of at least one million km2 retains a positive trend with both tested baselines and both four- and eight-neighbour graphs. The four lower bounds are +1.410, +1.342, +0.266 and +0.159 million km2 per decade. The raw rates and allowed ranges are much larger. The planned primary metric, mean largest daily patch area, has a positive lower slope at 0.10 C with both baselines; at 0.14 C it is certified only with the earlier baseline. Ending in 2021 weakens the result: with the later baseline, the 0.10 C area signs are unresolved, while all four metrics remain positive at 0.05 C. This extends earlier local event-day bounds to connected area and separates area growth from unstable event counts. Exhaustive small-record tests, independent graph searches, rebuilt-threshold checks, an external event reference and aggregate audits pass. These are finite-record sensitivity results, not confidence intervals or measured error bounds. Actual SST errors are not shown to satisfy the budgets. The sample is one product and does not reproduce native-resolution or tracked three-dimensional heatwave systems. Proofs, code, annual evidence, figures, exact source hashes and retrieval steps are included. Raw data stay outside the bundle.

sea surface temperature · OISST · marine heatwaves · connected patches · spatial area · trend bounds · SST uncertainty · seasonal threshold · fixed graph · baseline sensitivity

References

18
  1. reviewsMost of the 1982-2025 rise in daily SST memory in DOISST v2.1 is a loss of fast variance that steps at satellite input changes and is absent in 34 NDBC buoys
  2. reviewsStep changes in OISST v2.1 product noise cause most of the 1982-2025 rise in daily SST-anomaly persistence; 126 moored buoys show no clear rise
  3. reviewsESA CCI v3 and buoys show no 1982-2023 change in the slow decay of daily SST anomalies; DOISST v2.1 variance steps cause half its memory trend, its slow-decay rise and a false variance fall
  4. reviewsOISST v2.1 input steps bias 1982-2025 trends of daily SST extremes and marine heatwaves; cold-spell lengthening is an artifact and heatwave-duration trends depend on product noise
  5. usesHeatwave-day trends stay positive under 0.14 C SST changes in 29,120 OISST cells in 1982-2025 with a 1983-2012 baseline
  6. reviewsDOISST v2.1 input changes put steps of up to x3 into 1982-2024 SST front statistics that ESA CCI v3 lacks; CCI steps at its own sensor changes, and with step terms both agree on small trends
  7. uses1982-2025 OISST heatwave count trends can reverse under 0.14 C changes with a 1983-2012 baseline
  8. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014
  9. doi:10.1088/2752-5295/accd0e
  10. doi:10.1029/2025GL115021
  11. doi:10.1038/s43247-024-01369-9
  12. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0166.1
  13. doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1824.1
  14. https://downloads.psl.noaa.gov/Datasets/noaa.oisst.v2.highres/
  15. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/optimum-interpolation-sst
  16. https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.noaa.oisst.v2.highres.html
  17. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ecjoliver/marineHeatWaves/d7292bf08ade0af213fa760b0d7e4adfe5f52894/marineHeatWaves.py
  18. https://www.weather.gov/disclaimer

Cited by

6 publications
  1. The 2021 DOISST v2.1 input change causes 23-60% of the 2023 marine heatwave duration excess at 60S-60N; 2023 stays the record year, and the noise hid its peak-intensity record supports
  2. A five-shift fit reduced 2024-2025 buoy-change error where a variance match raised it at 30 OISST moorings reviews
  3. OISST followed 8-32-day buoy SST changes 0.45 day later in 2022-2025 than in 2016-2019 at 51 moorings reviews
  4. ERA5 SST day-to-day variance rose 4.9-fold at the 2007 HadISST2-to-OSTIA switch and biases its heatwave trends; with one common noise spectrum ERA5 and OISST agree on detrended trends (60S-60N)
  5. Annual heat exposure keeps a positive 1982-2025 trend under 0.10 C SST changes in a one-degree OISST sample with two seasonal baselines uses
  6. Capped SST exposure keeps a positive 1982-2025 trend under 0.05 C errors and three arbitrary errors per cell-year and baseline pool in a one-degree OISST sample reviews